Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate - a
small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes
and transports sperm.
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Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in
men. Usually prostate cancer grows slowly and is initially confined to the
prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. However, while some types
of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other
types are aggressive and can spread quickly.
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Prostate cancer that's detected early - when it's still
confined to the prostate gland - has a better chance of successful treatment.
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Prostate cancer may cause no signs or symptoms in its early
stages.
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Prostate cancer that's more advanced may cause signs and
symptoms such as:
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-Decreased force in the stream of urine
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-Discomfort in the pelvic area
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs
or symptoms that worry you.
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Debate continues regarding the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening, and medical organizations differ on their recommendations. Discuss prostate cancer screening with your doctor. Together, you can decide what's best for you.
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It's not clear what causes prostate cancer.
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Doctors know that prostate cancer begins when some cells in
your prostate become abnormal. Mutations in the abnormal cells' DNA cause the
cells to grow and divide more rapidly than normal cells do. The abnormal cells
continue living, when other cells would die. The accumulating abnormal cells
form a tumor that can grow to invade nearby tissue. Some abnormal cells can
also break off and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
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Factors that can increase your risk of prostate cancer
include:
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-AGE . Your risk of prostate cancer increases as you age.
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-RACE . For reasons not yet determined, black men carry a greater risk of prostate cancer than do men of other races. In black men, prostate cancer is also more likely to be aggressive or advanced.
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-FAMILY HISTORY . If men in your family have had prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if you have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a very strong family history of breast cancer, your risk of prostate cancer may be higher.
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-OBESITY . Obese men diagnosed with prostate cancer may be
more likely to have advanced disease that's more difficult to treat.
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Complications of prostate cancer and its treatments include:
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Cancer that spreads (metastasizes). Prostate cancer can
spread to nearby organs, such as your bladder, or travel through your
bloodstream or lymphatic system to your bones or other organs. Prostate cancer
that spreads to the bones can cause pain and broken bones. Once prostate cancer
has spread to other areas of the body, it may still respond to treatment and
may be controlled, but it's unlikely to be cured.
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Incontinence. Both prostate cancer and its treatment can
cause urinary incontinence. Treatment for incontinence depends on the type you
have, how severe it is and the likelihood it will improve over time. Treatment
options may include medications, catheters and surgery.
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ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION . Erectile dysfunction can result from
prostate cancer or its treatment, including surgery, radiation or hormone
treatments. Medications, vacuum devices that assist in achieving erection and
surgery are available to treat erectile dysfunction.
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You can reduce your risk of prostate cancer if you:
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Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables. Avoid
high-fat foods and instead focus on choosing a variety of fruits, vegetables
and whole grains. Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins and nutrients
that can contribute to your health.
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Whether you can prevent prostate cancer through diet has yet
to be conclusively proved. But eating a healthy diet with a variety of fruits
and vegetables can improve your overall health.
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Choose healthy foods over supplements. No studies have shown
that supplements play a role in reducing your risk of prostate cancer. Instead,
choose foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals so that you can maintain
healthy levels of vitamins in your body.
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Exercise most days of the week. Exercise improves your
overall health, helps you maintain your weight and improves your mood. There is
some evidence that men who don't exercise have higher PSA levels, while men who
exercise may have a lower risk of prostate cancer.
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Try to exercise most days of the week. If you're new to
exercise, start slow and work your way up to more exercise time each day.
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Maintain a healthy weight. If your current weight is
healthy, work to maintain it by exercising most days of the week. If you need
to lose weight, add more exercise and reduce the number of calories you eat
each day. Ask your doctor for help creating a plan for healthy weight loss.
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Talk to your doctor about increased risk of prostate cancer.
Men with a high risk of prostate cancer may consider medications or other
treatments to reduce their risk. Some studies suggest that taking 5-alpha
reductase inhibitors, including finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride
(Avodart), may reduce the overall risk of developing prostate cancer. These drugs
are used to control prostate gland enlargement and hair loss in men.
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However, some evidence indicates that men taking these
medications may have an increased risk of getting a more serious form of
prostate cancer (high-grade prostate cancer). If you're concerned about your
risk of developing prostate cancer, talk to your doctor.
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